Beyond Conventional Antibiotics: Emerging Therapeutic Strategies to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance in Multidrug-Resistant Pathogens

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has arisen as a significant global health issue, markedly diminishing the efficacy of traditional medicines and exacerbating the prevalence of infectious illnesses globally. The swift advancement of resistance mechanisms, encompassing horizontal gene transfer, biofilm formation, and enzymatic drug inactivation, has significantly undermined the treatment of multidrug-resistant organisms like Klebsiellapneumoniae. This review rigorously evaluates alternative and complementary therapeutic approaches designed to mitigatef the increasing constraints of antibiotic-based therapies. Focus isf aimed towards herbal and plant-derived chemicals, conventional fmedical systems, probiotics, bacteriophage therapy, antimicrobial peptides, nanotechnology-based drug delivery methods, hostdirected therapies, immunotherapies, and rational combination regimens. These methods provide several modes of action, such as immunological modulation, bacterial pathogenicity disruption,decreased selective pressure on pathogens, and improved treatment efficiency. Notwithstanding significant progress, issues about standardization, safety, and clinical translation persist. A comprehensive, multidisciplinary strategy is crucial for formulating lasting solutions to combat antimicrobial resistance and protect global public health.